|
A glottalic consonant is a consonant produced with some important contribution (a movement, a closure) of the glottis (the opening that leads from the nose and mouth cavities into the larynx and the lungs). Glottalic sounds may involve motion of the larynx upward or downward, producing an egressive or ingressive glottalic airstream mechanism respectively. An egressive glottalic airstream produces ejective consonants, while an ingressive glottalic airstream produces implosive consonants. Ejectives are almost always voiceless stops (plosives) or affricates, while implosives are almost always voiced stops. However, when a sound is said to be glottalized, this is not normally what is meant. Rather, glottalization implies that a normal pulmonic airstream is interrupted by closure of the glottis. Sonorants (including vowels) may be glottalized in this fashion. There are two ways this is represented in the IPA: (a) the same way as ejectives, with an apostrophe; or, (b) more properly with the under-tilde for creaky voice. For example, the Yapese word for ''sick'' with a glottalized ''m'' could be transcribed as either . (In some typefaces, the apostrophe would occur above the em.) When an obstruent is glottalized but still uses a pulmonic airstream, it may be written etc.〔Collins & Mees, 1984, ''The Sounds of English and Dutch'', p 281.〕 When glottalic consonants of different types are present in a language, they tend to form a single phonological class. However, a language that has one kind of glottalized consonant is not particularly likely to have other kinds. For example, languages in the Americas which have both ejectives and glottalized sonorants may reflect an areal feature rather than an inherent feature common to the sounds in question. Since none of the three types are very common, languages containing more than one type are relatively rare.〔Maddieson, Ian. 2008. Glottalized Consonants. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) ''The World Atlas of Language Structures Online''. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 7. Available online at http://wals.info/feature/7 Accessed on 2008-06-05.〕 ==How to produce an implosive consonant== In order to produce an implosive ''b'', do as follows: # Close your lips together so as to pronounce a (). # Move your glottis downward as if you were yawning. You should be able to feel it move with your fingers; if you have a noticeable adam's apple, you should also be able to see it move in a mirror. # While 'yawning', open your lips and say (). Try doing this quickly so that the air flows into your mouth while you pronounce the (). There should be a deep hollow sound, and the () should follow smoothly. The same principle applies to the other implosive consonants, but is the easiest. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Glottalic consonant」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|